Italy 1934: Mussolini's World Cup, the robbery of Spain and the man who played two finals for two countries

In the first World Cup the problem was that nobody came. Four years later the problem was the opposite: everyone came, and the hosts weren't planning to lose. Italy 1934 is the chapter where football discovers it's good for something more than just playing — and it's, by far, the most uncomfortable World Cup to talk about of the 23.

A World Cup designed as propaganda

The bid was presented by the Italian federation, but behind it was the Government of Benito Mussolini, who had been in power for twelve years and saw the tournament as what it effectively was: a global shop window to sell the supposed achievements of fascism. The organising committee spent 3.5 million lire and prepared eight venues — Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Rome, Turin and Trieste — with new or renovated stadiums. Two of them were called, without any disguise, Benito Mussolini Stadium (Turin) and National Stadium of the Fascist National Party (Rome).

The country was filled with posters of footballers doing the fascist salute, and members of the Government and the blackshirts attended Italy's matches. Pozzo, the manager, received telegrams urging him to win. This isn't hindsight interpretation: several of those players admitted it years later.

The champions who stayed home

Uruguay had won in 1930 and didn't show up. The reason was an outstanding debt: when the Uruguayans organised the first World Cup and begged the Europeans to cross the Atlantic, Italy was one of the countries that said no. So in '34 they returned the favour and didn't travel.

The fact, nearly a hundred years later, remains unchanged: Uruguay is the only World Cup winners who have never defended their title. It's happened once in history and it was here.

The four British associations didn't go either — England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland — who were at odds with FIFA back then and were doing their own thing with their British Home Championship. Argentina nearly didn't go, and when it changed its mind it found that its professional clubs weren't releasing anyone: it travelled to Europe with a completely amateur squad. It lasted one match.

The only World Cup where the hosts had to qualify

32 countries entered for 16 places, so for the first time there was a qualifying round. And here's an oddity that has never been repeated: all national teams were required to compete, including the organisers. Italy had to earn its spot in its own World Cup against Greece. It won 4-0 in Milan and the return leg was never played, but technically the hosts came through the qualifying round.

There were more organisational oddities. The final spot, for North America, was decided between the United States and Mexico… in Rome, three days before the tournament started: the US won 4-2 and made its World Cup debut exhausted, losing 7-1 to Italy. And Egypt became the first African team in history to play a World Cup, after eliminating a Palestine XI.

The format was also different from anything we know: no group stage. Straight knockout from the round of 16, all sixteen first-round matches on the same day at the same time. You lose and you go home. Brazil and Argentina made the boat journey to play ninety minutes.

The oriundi: how Italy signed half a national team

Already in 1931, even before they were handed the World Cup, Italy had opened the door to South Americans of Italian descent, the so-called oriundi. The federation convinced five of them: the Argentines Luis Monti, Raimundo Orsi, Enrique Guaita and Attilio Demaría, and the Brazilian Anfilogino Guarisi.

Monti's case is one for the history books. He played in the 1930 final with Argentina, lost it against Uruguay, and four years later played the 1934 final with Italy and won it. He is the only footballer in history to have played two World Cup finals with two different countries — and back-to-back at that.

Spain: the tournament's best match, and the dirtiest

Spain arrived in strong form. In the round of 16 they knocked out Brazil 3-1 with goals from Iraragorri and Lángara, and Ricardo Zamora saved the first penalty in World Cup history. In the quarter-finals they faced Italy at Giovanni Berta in Florence, and what happened there is still talked about in Spain.

It was a brutal, physically savage match. Regueiro put Spain ahead just after the half-hour, Ferrari equalized before the break and extra time didn't budge the 1-1. With no penalty shootouts, they had to replay the match the next day.

And that was that. Seven of Spain's eleven starters couldn't play in the replay due to injury or exhaustion. Among them Zamora, with two broken ribs. Italy won 1-0 with a goal from Meazza in which Spain claimed a foul on the goalkeeper, and Swiss referee René Mercet also disallowed two Spanish goals, from Regueiro and Quincoces.

The semi-final against the Wunderteam

In the semi-finals Italy faced Austria, the famous Wunderteam of Hugo Meisl and Matthias Sindelar, which since 1931 had lost only two matches and was Europe's most admired team. But they arrived battered: without their organizer Johann Horvath through injury, and on a muddy San Siro pitch that was no good for their passing football.

Meisl told Pozzo, who was a friend of his, before the match: «we have no chance». Italy won 1-0 with a goal from Guaita — another oriundo — in the ninth minute, in a move in which the Austrians claimed a foul on their goalkeeper. And that was the end of the Wunderteam.

The final: a raised arm that didn't even touch

June 10, 1934, Rome, over 50,000 people and scorching heat. Mussolini in the stands in full military uniform. Before the match he had gathered the players and asked them for victory at any cost; some later said that didn't sound like a pep talk, it sounded like a threat.

The Italians gave the fascist salute in the centre circle, as was customary back then. The Czechoslovaks stayed still. And then something nobody expected happened: Swedish referee Ivan Eklind also raised his arm. It was later revealed this was at the request of the authorities.

The match was far more evenly contested than Italy wanted. Antonín Puč put Czechoslovakia ahead in the 71st minute and disaster loomed for the home side. With nine minutes left, Orsi equalized. And in the 95th minute, already in extra time, Angelo Schiavio made it 2-1 with the opposition running on fumes. Italy, world champions for the first time.

The goal that Orsi couldn't repeat even once

This is the best anecdote from the World Cup and it's even documented. Raimundo Orsi's equalizer was a shot with impossible bend, the kind that goes top corner when it absolutely shouldn't. The next day photographers asked him to repeat it to get a proper photo, and Orsi went back to the stadium, stood in the same spot and shot.

And he missed. And he missed again. He tried more than twenty times and couldn't do it once. He left without the photo.

What the '34 left behind

Sportingly, far more than it seems. Vittorio Pozzo had been working since 1929, and at Italy 1934 he implemented what became known as the Method: two staggered centre-backs, withdrawn wing-backs and the inside forwards as playmakers. It sounds like archaeology, but it's one of the roots of modern defensive football. Pozzo remained manager until 1948 and also won the 1938 World Cup: he remains the only coach to have won two World Cups.

It was also the first World Cup to feature a third-place playoff — Germany won it 3-2 against Austria in Naples — and the one that put Italian football on the map. Six months later, the azzurri travelled to London to play England in what became known as the «Battle of Highbury»: they lost 3-2, but made it clear that British dominance was over.

And politically it set an uncomfortable precedent: proof that a World Cup can be used as a megaphone for a regime. Four years later, in France, the drums would sound even louder.